Lithol red salts : characterization and deterioration

Alan Robert Kennedy · Jens Stenger

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Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis Pigment Synthesis and Properties Botanical Research and Applications

Abstract

Lithol Red salts are one of the commonest 20th century red synthetic organic pigments. We characterized the sodium, barium, and calcium Lithol Red salts with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The sodium and calcium salts were synthesized and compared to commercial samples. The single crystal structure of calcium Lithol Red is reported here for the first time. Light aging experiments show that the neat powder is very lightfast but that the pigment has poor light stability within paint systems. This suggests that the binding medium facilitates the photodegradation of the pigment for the latter case.

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References

2011Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopedia 2000Raman spectroscopic database of azo pigments and application to modern art studies 1999Predicting The Fading of Objects: Identification of Fugitive Colorants Through Direct Nondestructive Lightfastness Measurements 1999Characterization of Organic Azo-Pigments by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography 2008Applications of laser desorption mass spectrometry for the study of synthetic organic pigments in works of art 2009The application of x-ray powder diffraction for the analysis of synthetic organic pigments. Part 2: artists’ paints

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2021To be or not to be an azo pigment: Chemistry for the preservation of historical β-naphthol reds in cultural heritage 2015The making of Mark Rothko's Harvard Murals 2023Fluorescent Paints in Contemporary Murals: A Case Study 2024Physico‐chemical characterisation and light stability of dyes and pigments found in cultural heritage objects: Insights from microfading testing for assessing light fastness 2019Identification of Lithol Red Synthetic Organic Pigment Reveals the Cause of Paint Layer Degradation on the Lazar Vozarević Painting “Untitled” with Copper Plates

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