How to Write a Research Proposal

Abstract

A key objective of most public administration and nonprofit organization research is to provide the information needed to improve the quality of decisions made by managers and administrators. To make effective managerial decisions, administrators must know how to use quantitative research methods and how to interpret quantitative data. In research, these numerical data are called statistics. Administrators use words and statistics to communicate with their staffs and supervisors and with people and groups outside of the organization. Statistics, presented either in tables, graphs, or other illustrations, help ensure mutual understanding of the data at hand. Statistics are used for two main purposes: as descriptive statistics; as inferential statistics. The four basic types of descriptive statistics used most commonly by administrators and managers are measures of central tendency; measures of variability in the data set; measures of relative position in the set; and measures of correlation between two or more variables.

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