Identification of sex from footprint dimensions using machine learning: a study on population of Punjab in Pakistan

Muhammad Awais · Faizana Naeem · Nouman Rasool · Sajid Mahmood

30 citations0/0 files storedEgyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Dermatoglyphics and Human Traits

Abstract

Likewise the fingerprints and palm prints, footprints are also helpful in solving a crime puzzle; however, very few studies have been reported targeting the identification of sex-based upon footprint features. Therefore, the present study aims at the identification of sex using footprint features from the population of Punjab, Pakistan. The foot measurements, i.e., toe length ratio, individual toe lengths, foot breadth, and foot index, are used as features for the identification of sex. Footprint samples were collected from 280 volunteers (142 males and 138 females) from all over Punjab (age range 18–50 years). A sex identification method is proposed in this study employing various machine learning algorithms, i.e., Naïve Bayes, J48, Random Forest, Random Tree, and REP Tree, and compared them. The designed model was cross-validated using 10-fold cross-validation. The results demonstrated the varying accuracy of the machine learning algorithms, using different combinations of footprint features. However, the Naïve Bayes algorithm demonstrated an accuracy of 87.8%, for sex identification, using the combination of toe length and foot indexes. It is concluded that by using a combination of toe length and foot indexes and employing the Naïve Bayes algorithm, sex can be identified more accurately as compared to the other methods.

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References

2014Big-data applications in the government sector 2008Stature estimation from foot dimensions 2012Evaluation of foramen magnum in gender determination using helical CT scanning 1986Estimating Height and Weight from Size of Footprints 2011Sex Determination from Hand and Foot Dimensions in a North Indian Population 2011Estimation of stature from static and dynamic footprints 2010Estimation of Sex from the Dimensions of Foot, Footprints, and Shoe 2010Sex Estimation from Foot Dimensions in an Indigenous Indian Population

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