The Upper Paleolithic of the Americas

Abstract

Substantial archaeological and genetic data suggest that the initial occupation of the Americas is more complex and diverse than previously thought. As evidence for multiple patterns and/or adaptive strategies in distinct areas of the western hemisphere emerge, the terminology remains incoherent. Most terms are applied arbitrarily, incorporate “Clovis,” or refer only to single populations and not the chronological period. We argue for inclusion of “Upper Paleolithic” to any reference terminology concerning the Last Glacial Maximum occupations of the Americas. Using archaeological and genetic data as a benchmark, we assess the current chronology of this period and discuss the parallels between Old and New World technologies. We argue that the patterns in the Americas are rooted in the Old World and this term provides a connection to global archaeological patterns. The term “Upper Paleolithic” should be adopted as a terminological and chronological marker for the earliest human occupation of the Americas.

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