Analysis of racial disparities in the New York Police Department's stop, question, and frisk practices

Greg K. Ridgeway

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Policing Practices and Perceptions Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis Education Discipline and Inequality

Abstract

Raw statistics for encounters between New York City police officers and pedestrians suggest large racial disparities — 89 percent of 2006 stops involved nonwhites. The New York City Police Department asked RAND to help it understand this and identify recommendations for addressing potential problems. RAND researchers analyzed 2006 pedestrian-police encounters, finding small racial differences in rates of frisk, search, use of force, and arrest.

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2007An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias 2001Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence 2006Testing for Racial Profiling in Traffic Stops From Behind a Veil of Darkness 2020The American Community Survey 2002Outcome Tests of Racial Disparities in Police Practices 2001Searching for the Denominator: Problems with Police Traffic Stop Data and an Early Warning System Solution

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2015Do Stop, Question, and Frisk Practices Deter Crime?2021Officer bias, over-patrolling and ethnic disparities in stop and search 2009Doubly Robust Internal Benchmarking and False Discovery Rates for Detecting Racial Bias in Police Stops 2018Methodological Challenges and Opportunities in Testing for Racial Discrimination in Policing 2018Racial Threat, Social (Dis)organization, and the Ecology of Police: Towards a Macro-level Understanding of Police Use-of-force in Communities of Color 2020Designing Performance Systems in Anticipation of Unintended Consequences: Experiences and Lessons From the Compstat-Based Performance Regime in NYPD

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