Disentangling perceptual awareness from nonconscious processing in rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta )

Abstract

Scholars have long debated whether animals, which display impressive intelligent behaviors, are consciously aware or not. Yet, because many complex human behaviors and high-level functions can be performed without conscious awareness, it was long considered impossible to untangle whether animals are aware, or just conditionally or non-consciously behaving. Here, we developed a novel empirical approach to address this question. We harnessed a well-established crossover double dissociation between non-conscious and conscious processing, in which people perform in completely opposite ways when they are aware of stimuli versus when they are not. To date, no one has explored if similar performance dissociations exist in a non-human species. In a series of seven experiments, we first established these signatures in humans using both known and newly developed non-verbal double dissociation tasks, and then identified similar signatures in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). These results provide robust evidence for two distinct modes of processing in non-human primates. This empirical approach makes it feasible to disentangle conscious visual awareness from non-conscious processing in non-human species; hence, it can be used to strip away ambiguity when exploring the processes governing intelligent behavior across the animal kingdom. Taken together, these results strongly support the existence of both non-conscious processing as well as functional human-like visual awareness in non-human animals.

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