Association of job loss, income loss, and financial burden with adverse mental health outcomes during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Thailand: A nationwide cross‐sectional study

Chidchanok Ruengorn · Ratanaporn Awiphan · Nahathai Wongpakaran · Tinakon Wongpakaran · Surapon Nochaiwong

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COVID-19 and Mental Health Mental Health Treatment and Access Employment and Welfare Studies

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Economic crises during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic severely impacted mental health outcomes. However, there is limited evidence on this issue in Thailand. We aimed to evaluate the association of economic burden during the first phase of the pandemic and the risk of adverse mental health outcomes in the Thai population. METHODS: We recruited 2,303 participants aged 18 years or above with employment/full-time jobs before the national lockdown in April-May 2020. The measures of economic burden were job loss, income loss, and financial problems related to the outbreak. The outcomes included depressive symptoms, anxiety, and perceived stress. The association between economic burden and adverse mental health outcomes was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Individuals who lost their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic had a higher risk of perceived stress compared to those who maintained their job (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-4.51; p = .006). A higher risk of anxiety was observed in individuals with a monthly income loss of 50% (adjusted OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.03-1.99; p = .035; individuals without income loss, reference group) or over. Self-reported financial problems were significantly associated with adverse mental health outcomes (nonexperienced financial problems, reference group): Adjusted ORs of 1.84 (95% CI, 1.34-2.51; p < .001) for depressive symptoms, 2.00 (95% CI, 1.48-2.71; p < .001) for anxiety, and 2.12 (95% CI, 1.51-2.95; p < .001) for perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS: Economic burden, especially self-reported financial problems, was associated with adverse mental health outcomes. However, long-term studies are needed to address the mental health consequences of COVID-19 and economic downturns.

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2006A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2007Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies 2004Improving the Quality of Web Surveys: The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES)2004The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale 2013GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS:2020Job Insecurity and Financial Concern During the COVID-19 Pandemic Are Associated With Worse Mental Health 2008Reliability and validity of the Thai version of the PHQ-9 2020Economic hardship and mental health complaints during COVID-19

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