COVID-19-related stigma and its sociodemographic correlates: a comparative study

Yuan Yuan · Yan-Jie Zhao · Qing-E Zhang · Ling Zhang · Teris Cheuk Chi Cheung · Todd Jackson +2 more

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COVID-19 and Mental Health Mental Health Treatment and Access Long-Term Effects of COVID-19

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Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is closely associated with physical and mental health problems; however, little is known about the severity of stigma caused by COVID-19 among its survivors. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare differences in stigma experiences of COVID-19 survivors versus healthy controls after the COVID-19 outbreak peak in China. Methods This cross-sectional study comprised 154 COVID-19 survivors and 194 healthy controls recruited through consecutive and convenience sampling methods, respectively. COVID-19 related stigma was measured by the Social Impact Scale (SIS). Stigma differences between the two groups were compared with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and a generalized linear model (GLM) was used to identify independent correlates of COVID-19-related stigma in this study. Results Compared with healthy controls, COVID-19 survivors reported more overall stigma (F(1,347) = 60.82,p < 0.001), and stigma in domains of social rejection (F(1,347) = 56.54,p < 0.001), financial insecurity (F(1,347) = 19.96,p < 0.001), internalized shame (F(1,347) = 71.40,p < 0.001) and social isolation (F(1,347) = 34.73,p < 0.001). Status as a COVID-19 survivor, having family members infected with COVID-19, being married, economic loss during the COVID-19 pandemic, and depressive symptoms were positively associated with higher overall stigma levels (allpvalues < 0.05). Conclusion COVID-19-related stigma is commonly experienced among COVID-19 survivors even though the outbreak has been well-contained in China. Routine assessment of stigma experiences should be conducted on COVID-19 survivors and appropriate psychological assistance, public education, and anti-stigma campaigns and policies should be enforced to reduce stigma within this vulnerable subpopulation.

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References

1969Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity 1999Validation and Utility of a Self-report Version of PRIME-MD The PHQ Primary Care Study 2020Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis 2020Psychosocial impact of COVID-19 2020Impact of coronavirus syndromes on physical and mental health of health care workers: Systematic review and meta-analysis 2020Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020Social Reaction Toward the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)2005Risk Perception and Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) on Work and Personal Lives of Healthcare Workers in Singapore

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