Code-switching is one of the most striking aspects of language contact to the observer. It provides the clearest synchronic evidence that contact is occurring, both in societies and for individuals. This chapter discusses how code-switching fits in with other manifestations and outcomes of contact, including borrowing and translanguaging on the one hand, and language change and shift on the other. Code-switching can embody different types of significance within a contact situation, from accommodation to divergence and from language maintenance to language shift. It is found alongside pidginization and creolization/decreolization in many parts of the world, and contributes to the process of convergence of different varieties. A significant locus of language contact nowadays is that of online writing. Different varieties interact online as well as in speech, and much recent research on code-switching focuses on its use in social media.
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