A Re-examination of the Effects of Biased Lineup Instructions in Eyewitness Identification.

Steven E. Clark

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Deception detection and forensic psychology Memory Processes and Influences Jury Decision Making Processes

Abstract

A meta-analytic review of research comparing biased and unbiased instructions in eyewitness identification experiments showed an asymmetry, specifically that biased instructions led to a large and consistent decrease in accuracy in target-absent lineups, but produced inconsistent results for target-present lineups, with an average effect size near zero (N. M. Steblay, 1997). The results for target-present lineups are surprising, and are inconsistent with statistical decision theories (i.e., D. M. Green & J. A. Swets, 1966). A re-examination of the relevant studies and the meta-analysis of those studies shows clear evidence that correct identification rates do increase with biased lineup instructions, and that biased witnesses make correct identifications at a rate considerably above chance. Implications for theory, as well as police procedure and policy, are discussed.

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1991Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research 1995Writing meta-analytic reviews.1981Eyewitness identification: Lineup instructions and the absence of the offender.2000Actual Innocence : Five Days to Execution and Other Dispatches from the Wrongly Convicted 1995Development of a new outlier statistic for meta-analytic data.1997Social influence in eyewitness recall: A meta-analytic review of lineup instruction effects.1986Eyewitness identification: The importance of lineup models.1988Improving the reliability of eyewitness identification: Lineup construction and presentation.

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2007On the diagnosticity of multiple-witness identifications.

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