National differences in gender–science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement

Brian A. Nosek · Frederick L. Smyth · Natarajan Sriram · Nicole M. Lindner · Thierry Devos · Yoav Bar‐Anan +18 more

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Career Development and Diversity Education, Achievement, and Giftedness Science Education and Perceptions

Abstract

About 70% of more than half a million Implicit Association Tests completed by citizens of 34 countries revealed expected implicit stereotypes associating science with males more than with females. We discovered that nation-level implicit stereotypes predicted nation-level sex differences in 8th-grade science and mathematics achievement. Self-reported stereotypes did not provide additional predictive validity of the achievement gap. We suggest that implicit stereotypes and sex differences in science participation and performance are mutually reinforcing, contributing to the persistent gender gap in science engagement.

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1997A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.1995Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.1999Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance 1935A HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1984Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles.1999Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance 2007Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes 2004Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method Variables and Construct Validity

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