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Activism by large institutional shareholders has been a part of the United States landscape for over a decade, long enough to begin to assess whether it affects firm performance. The evidence to date suggests that activism, American style, has had little effect on firm performance. The evidence on whether long-term ‘relational investing’ by institutional investors correlates with improved firm performance is also mixed (Bethel, Liebeskind and Opier 1996; Bhagat, Black and Blair 1997). Particular institutional investors may have the skill to improve the performance of their portfolio companies (see DeLong’s 1991 study of J.P. Morgan), but this skill may be scarce among institutional investors as a whole.
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