How the self became a problem: A psychological review of historical research.

Abstract

In this article, historical evidence pertaining toself hood is reviewed. A scheme of stages i delineated, according to which the modern self and its uncertainties have evolved. The historical data are then reviewed in connection with the following four major problems regarding the self: knowing and conceptualizing the self; defining or creating the self; understanding one's potential nd fulfilling it; and relating the single self to society. Modern psychology has shown considerable interest in un-derstanding the self. Interest in problems ofselthood has spread from the clinicians to the humanistic psychologists and has even become a dominant feature of laboratory research. Indeed, if one surveys the extensive literatures on self-esteem (e.g.,

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