What do they make us see: a comparative study of cultural bias in online databases of two large museums

Maayan Zhitomirsky‐Geffet · Inna Aleksandrovna Kizhner · Sara Minster

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Libraries and Information Services Museums and Cultural Heritage Library Science and Information Systems

Abstract

Purpose Large cultural heritage datasets from museum collections tend to be biased and demonstrate omissions that result from a series of decisions at various stages of the collection construction. The purpose of this study is to apply a set of ethical criteria to compare the level of bias of six online databases produced by two major art museums, identifying the most biased and the least biased databases. Design/methodology/approach At the first stage, the relevant data have been automatically extracted from all six databases and mapped to a unified ontological scheme based on Wikidata. Then, the authors applied ethical criteria to the results of the geographical distribution of records provided by two major art museums as online databases accessed via museums' websites, API datasets and datasets submitted to Wikidata. Findings The authors show that the museums use different artworks in each of its online databases and each data-base has different types of bias reflected by the study variables, such as artworks' country of origin or the creator's nationality. For most variables, the database behind the online search system on the museum's website is more balanced and ethical than the API dataset and Wikidata databases of the two museums. Originality/value By applying ethical criteria to the analysis of cultural bias in various museum databases aimed at different audiences including end users, researchers and commercial institutions, this paper shows the importance of explicating bias and maintaining integrity in cultural heritage representation through different channels that potentially have high impact on how culture is perceived, disseminated, contextualized and transformed.

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References

2017The persistent sampling bias in developmental psychology: A call to action 2011NEOCOLONIAL COLLABORATION: Museum as Contact Zone Revisited 2010Legacies of prejudice: racism, co-production and radical trust in the museum 2013Confronting the Digital 2021The value of mass-digitised cultural heritage content in creative contexts 2015Museum website features, aesthetics, and visitors’ impressions: a case study of four museums 2019Museum Collections and Online Users: Development of a Segmentation Model for the Metropolitan Museum of Art

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