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Chatbots can provide valuable support to patients in assessing and guiding management of various health problems particularly when human resources are scarce. Chatbots can be affordable and efficient on-demand virtual assistants for mental health conditions, including anxiety and depression. We review features of chatbots available for anxiety or depression. Six bibliographic databases were searched including backward and forwards reference list checking. The initial search returned 1302 citations. Post-filtering, 42 studies remained forming the final dataset for this scoping review. Most of the studies were from conference proceedings (62%, 26/42), followed by journal articles (26%, 11/42), reports (7%, 3/42), or book chapters (5%, 2/42). About half of the reviewed chatbots had functionality targeting both anxiety and depression (60%, 25/42), whereas 38% (16/42) targeted only depression, 38% (16/42) anxiety and the remaining addressed other mental health issues along with anxiety and depression. Avatars or fictional characters were rarely used in these studies only 26% (11/42) despite their increasing popularity. Mental health chatbots could benefit in helping patients with anxiety and depression and provide valuable support to mental healthcare workers, particularly when resources are scarce. Real-time personal virtual assistance fills in this gap . Their role in mental health care is expected to increase.
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Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 82 citations exist upstream.
Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.
Imported from OpenAlex (CC0) — nothing here is generated.