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We develop an ethnographic theory of how necessity entrepreneurship (NE) shapes social structures, which in turn provide a context in which the basic human need of social inclusion can be met. We find that through their entrepreneurial activities, necessity entrepreneurs develop endemic institutions and structure of cooperation. These institutions and cooperative structures infuse their lives with values and meaning, and create opportunities for inclusion, not only for themselves, but also for many others. Yet such structures can also have a darker side. We therefore also show how and when such endemic institutions can become exclusionary and promote inequality. Our work adds to the discussion on the outcomes that NE creates over and above the mere fulfilment of basic physiological and security needs of the entrepreneurs involved.
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