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Abstract Recent actions by the European Union, especially in employment and social policies, reveal an increased use of alternative approaches to governance that are more accepting of diversity and encourage semi-voluntary forms of coordination (Scott and Trubek 2002). This occurs under the traditional Community legislative method, as many recent directives tend to be relatively open and flexible. But the move from top–down, uniform rules to more flexible and participatory approaches can best be seen in areas like the European Employment Strategy (EES), also known as the Luxembourg process, which departs radically from traditional regulatory approaches.
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