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Abstract The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were perhaps the most protracted period of instability the papacy has ever suffered. For much of the four teenth century the papal residence was not in Rome but at Avignon. During the Great Schism from 1378 there were two popes, one in Avignon and one in Rome. Instead of ending the Schism, the election of a third pope at Pisa in 1409 ushered in a period of threefold division, since neither of the other popes was prepared to resign; but at least,briefly it gave occasion for celebration and optimism. This threefold Schism lasted until the election of Martin Vin 1417 at the Council of Constance.
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