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Abstract This book examines the courts of the Russian Federation under President Putin, how they work in practice, and what shapes the behaviour of its judges. It stresses the dual nature of a judicial system, where ordinary cases are mostly handled fairly but where cases of interest to powerful persons are subject to influence—a common situation in authoritarian states. The authors trace the origins of some contemporary practices to the Soviet past but also identify novelties. They pay attention to the struggles of reformers to make the courts fairer and more efficient, along with the measures taken to ensure that judges conform to the expectations of their political masters. This means dealing with the evolution of judicial governance, including the selection, promotion, and disciplining of judges. In studying the operation of the courts, the authors take a socio-legal approach, emphasizing how different players (petitioners, respondents, lawyers, prosecutors, accused, judges) behave and why. They deal with justices of the peace through to the Supreme and Constitutional Courts and detail the handling of civil disputes, criminal cases, business disputes, administrative justice (claims against state officials), and constitutional matters. They also examine the relation of the public to the courts, including its readiness to litigate disputes despite generally negative views of the courts. This analysis is as up to date as possible, including both the Constitutional Amendments of 2020 and developments relating to the first months of the 2022 war in Ukraine.
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