Neighbourhood walkability and transportation and leisure physical activity by residency status: A cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative Canadian data

Hasti Masihay‐Akbar · Tanvir Chowdhury Turin · Dana Lee Olstad · Gavin R. McCormack

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Urban Transport and Accessibility Physical Activity and Health Urban Green Space and Health

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to 1) estimate the differences in transportation (TPA) and leisure physical activity (LPA) participation and duration between Canadian-born and immigrant adults, and 2) examine whether associations between neighbourhood walkability and physical activity differ by residency status. Methods: We linked Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS; 2017-2018) with Canadian Active Living Environment (2016) data. Participants were urban Canadian-born or immigrant adults (recent: <10 years, established: ≥10 years). Walkability was calculated from counts of neighbourhood intersections, dwellings, and points of interest. Covariate-adjusted Generalized Linear Models estimated the odds ratios (OR) for participation and unstandardized β for minutes of weekly TPA and LPA by residency status with and without adjustment for walkability and for walkability-by-residency interactions. Results: Recent (OR: 1.25, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.43) and established immigrants (OR: 1.11, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.20) were more likely than Canadian-born to participate in TPA, but these differences attenuated after controlling for walkability. Recent (OR: 0.58, 95%CI: 0.51, 0.67) and established immigrants (OR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.74, 0.89) were less likely than Canadian-born to participate in LPA, independent of walkability. Recent (β: -20.61, 95%CI: -37.89, -3.34) and established immigrants (β: -18.85, 95%CI: -28.69, -9.00) undertook fewer LPA minutes than Canadian-born, which attenuated after controlling for walkability. Despite being higher in magnitude among Canadian-born, walkability was positively associated with TPA participation and duration regardless of residency status. Conclusions: Immigrants engaged in more TPA and less LPA than Canadian-born but adjusting for walkability attenuated TPA differences between residency groups. Walkability was positively associated with TPA, with different magnitude between residency groups.

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References

1997Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation 2008Built Environment Correlates of Walking 2003The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation 2011In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults 2017Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport – an update and new findings on health equity 2018Migrant Workers and Their Occupational Health and Safety 2018The Built Environment as a Determinant of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies and Natural Experiments 2016Are immigrants healthier than native-born Canadians? A systematic review of the healthy immigrant effect in Canada

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