The United Nations currently estimates that over half of the global population has lived in cities since 2017 and that this proportion is continuing to grow, particularly in the Global South. While urbanization is not new, increased population density combined with accelerating rates of (re)emerging and noncommunicable diseases as well as growing economic disparities has created new challenges to human health and well-being. Here, I examine peri-urban communities, peripheral settlements on the edges of urban areas populated by rural people, and argue that these areas are often overlooked, despite becoming increasingly common. Thus, human biologists should move beyond categorizing these spaces as transitional. Using unplanned, peri-urban communities around Lima, Peru as a case study, I detail the complexity of political ecological factors that impact infectious disease risk and rates in peri-urban communities. Using disease mechanisms, I demonstrate the importance of a biocultural approach and a political ecology perspective when investigating infectious disease. I highlight how human biologists and anthropologists are uniquely positioned to explore the heterogeneity of infectious disease patterns and pathways in an increasingly urbanized world.
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