Analysis of the factors influencing the household car, motorcycle and bicycle ownership in Japan

Abstract

Sustainability in transport infrastructure and policy is increasingly crucial as household demand for diverse vehicle ownership types grows. This study examines the factors influencing the ownership of regular and small cars (≥661 cc), light-motor cars (≤660 cc), motorcycles (≥50 cc), motorized bikes (≤50 cc) and bicycles in Aichi and Gifu Prefectures, Japan. Using data from the National Person Trip Survey and applying a multivariate ordered probit (MORP) model, the study assesses the impact of accessibility, land-use diversity, population density and socioeconomic characteristics on ownership patterns. The results indicate that higher transit accessibility significantly increases bicycle ownership while reducing reliance on motorcycles and light-motor cars. High population density encourages the adoption of compact vehicles and bicycles, supporting sustainability goals. Additionally, mixed-use developments with integrated transit access and cycling infrastructure promote sustainable mobility practices. Limited parking availability discourages motorized vehicle ownership, while enhancing the likelihood of bicycle ownership. Furthermore, the study explores the association between health status and ownership patterns. Households without health problems are more likely to own light-motor cars, motorcycles and bicycles, while those with partial health challenges tend to prefer regular cars and bicycles for convenience. Elasticity analysis reveals that households without health difficulties exhibit a 10% increase in bicycle ownership, highlighting the role of physical well-being in shaping mobility choices. These findings support policies aimed at promoting sustainable transportation, reducing environmental impacts, and improving quality of life (QoL) in urban areas.

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