This paper discusses the processes of tailoring and adapting empirically supported treat-ments (ESTs) for application to new populations, using examples from the five papers in this special issue on innovative approaches to parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), The appli-cations of PCIT in this issue represent a range of approaches to tailoring and adapting ESTs in ways likely to maintain and improve upon efficacy or efficiency in the new population. The discussion emphasizes the ways in which the new applications maintain the theoretical and empirical foundation of PCIT and its core defining features as they address new popula-tions, target problems, belief systems, and settings. The empirically supported treatment (EST) movement, with its rigor-ous standards for evaluating the efficacy of mental health treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), is increasingly influencing child treatment research as investigators attempt to move evidence-based treatments into the real world with wider applications. To be designated an EST, the re-search base of the treatment must include at least two well designed, ran-
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