This report is an expanded version of a report originally written for the Ford Foundation. It bridges the disciplines of applied linguistics and developmental education. Drawing upon examples of innovative mother tongue primary education programs in thirteen countries, it takes an unequivocal stand for the necessity of mother tongue education. Its overall purpose is to “encourage those working in international education to confront directly what many consider ‘language problems’ by considering the effectiveness and feasibility of initial education in the mother tongue or local language” (11).
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