Willingness to communicate in english as a second language as a stable trait or context-influenced variable

Denise Cameron

25 citations0/0 files storedAustralian Review of Applied Linguistics

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EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning Second Language Acquisition and Learning Communication in Education and Healthcare

Abstract

Whether Willingness to Communicate (WTC) is a permanent trait or is modified by situational context has previously been investigated in various studies (e.g. Cao & Philp, 2006; Kang, 2005; MacIntyre & Legatto, 2011). However, most research into WTC has been quantitative or conducted in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) or Study Abroad situation in countries such as Canada, Japan, Korea and China. This article reports on the qualitative component of an exploratory mixed methods study in a New Zealand (NZ) university with participants who are permanent migrants from Iran. These students completed a questionnaire and participated in further in-depth semi-structured interviews. The article provides an overview of previous research into WTC and motivation in Iran and NZ as the context for these three case studies. In this study, six factors, both trait and situational, were identified as having an effect on these students’ WTC in both countries: self-perceived competence; personality; anxiety; motivation and the importance of English; and the learning context. Finally, this article discusses the contribution of this study to the WTC field of research, identifying the implications of these results for teachers of English in the ESL (English as a Second Language or migrant) context and possible avenues for future research.

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References

2005The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition 2007Research methods in applied linguistics : quantitative,qualitative, and mixed methodologies 1998Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in a L2: A Situational Model of L2 Confidence and Affiliation 2014Understanding Second Language Acquisition 2002Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language: The Japanese EFL Context 20094. The L2 Motivational Self System among Japanese, Chinese and Iranian Learners of English: A Comparative Study 2007Willingness to Communicate in the Second Language: Understanding the Decision to Speak as a Volitional Process 2010Foreign and second language anxiety

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2015‘In New Zealand I feel more confidence’: The role of context in the willingness to communicate (WTC) of migrant Iranian English language learners 2018Revisiting willingness to communicate in English as a foreign language: the Serbian perspective 2024Understanding and responsiveness in the trauma-informed adult ESL classroom

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