The Impact of Culture and Religion on Leadership and Management Training:

Abstract

The role of training and education in the development of senior management and leaders is critical to the long-term development of organisations. This paper seeks to explore and discuss the methods used for training and developing senior and executive managers across Africa, China, Europe and the Middle East. The paper outlines the methods used to identify training needs, selection of trainers and trainees, curriculum development and implementation of delivery. The paper further considers the evaluation criteria used to gauge the success of training in meeting training needs and provides an insight into the challenges faced by course designers and deliverers. The paper uses evidence collected over a five-year period between 2005-2009 on groups of senior managers and executives receiving training in the UK, sponsored by both British and other national governments. The paper has found little difference in the manner in which curriculum has been developed and how trainees are selected. However, the training needs and the identification of trainers have shown differences in approach and selection. Whilst there is evidence to suggest that training needs have been met, this is only in the short term and long-term needs are yet to be addressed. Furthermore, in support of long-term objectives, the ability to recognise and accommodate religion and culture remain areas necessitating further understanding. ABSTRAK Peranan yang dimainkan oleh latihan dan pendidikan dalam perkembangan pengurusan kanan dan pemimpin adalah kritikal bagi perkembangan jangka panjang organisasi. Kertas kajian ini bertujuan meneliti dan membincangkan kaedah yang digunakan untuk melatih dan membentuk para pengurus eksekutif dan kanan di Afrika, China, Eropah dan Timur Tengah. Kertas ini menggariskan kaedah yang digunakan bagi mengenal pasti keperluan latihan, pemilihan pelatih dan jurulatih, perkembangan kurikulum dan pelaksanaan penyampaian. Kertas ini juga meneliti kriteria penilaian yang digunakan bagi menilai kejayaan sesuatu latihan dalam memenuhi keperluan latihan dan seterusnya memberikan tanggapan tentang cabaran yang bakal dihadapi oleh pereka kursus dan para penyampai. Kertas ini menggunakan bukti yang dikumpul bagi tempoh lima tahun antara 2005-2009 bagi kumpulan-kumpulan pengurus kanan dan eksekutif yang menerima latihan di UK, yang ditaja oleh kedua-dua kerajaan British dan kerajaan-kerajaan lain. Kertas ini mendapati terdapatnya perbezaan yang kecil antara cara kurikulum dibentuk dan cara pelatih dipilih. Walau bagaimanapun, daripada segi keperluan latihan dan pengenalpastian jurulatih, terdapat perbezaan daripada sudut kaedah dan pemilihan. Walaupun terdapat bukti yang menunjukkan bahawa keperluan latihan sudah dipenuhi, namun ia hanya berbentuk jangka pendek dan keperluan jangka panjang masih belum dipenuhi. Selain itu, dalam menyokong objektif jangka panjang, keupayaan untuk menambil kira dan seterusnya memasukkan agama dan kebudayaan masih menjadi bidang yang memerlukan pemahaman lanjut.

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