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Educational theory and practice has always been strongly wedded to language and assumptions of modernism. Educators as diverse as John Dewey (1916), Ralph Tyler (1950), Herb Gintis (Bowles & Gintis, 1976), John Goodlad (1984), and Martin Carnoy (Carnoy & Levin, 1985) have shared a faith in those modernist ideals which stress capacity of individuals to think critically, to exercise social responsibility, and to remake world in interest of Enlightenment dream of reason and freedom. Central to this view of education and modernity has been an abiding faith in ability of individuals to situate themselves as self-motivating subjects within wider discourse of public life. For many educators, modernism is synonymous with the continual progress of sciences and of techniques, rational division of industrial work, and intensification of human labor and of human domination over nature (Baudrillard, 1987, pp. 65-66). A faith in rationality, science, and technology buttresses modernist belief in permanent change, and in continual and progressive unfolding of history. Similarly, education provides socializing processes and legitimating codes by which grand narrative of progress and human development can be passed onto future generations. The moral, political, and social technologies that structure and drive imperatives of public schooling are drawn from modernist view of individual student and educator as guarantor of delicate balance between private and public life, as safeguard who can guarantee that economy and democratic state will function in a mutually determining manner. Within discourse of modernism, knowledge draws its boundaries almost exclusively from a European model of culture and civilization. Civilization in this script is an extension of what Jean-Francois Lyotard (1984) calls
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