Human factors aspects of using head up displays in automobiles: a review of the literature

Kenneth W. Gish · Loren Staplin

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Human-Automation Interaction and Safety Traffic and Road Safety Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies

Abstract

This document provides an overview of studies investigating the use of HUDs by aviators and drivers, including a summary of HUD research variables, test procedures and study results. The predicted performance advantages of automotive HUDs include increased eyes-on-the-road time and reduced re-accommodation time, particularly for the older driver. To date, the research does not provide robust evidence for operationally significant performance advantages due to HUDS. However, conclusions are equivocal due to the interaction of independent variables such as workload, display complexity and age. Studies indicate that key operator performance issues with HUDs include contrast interference, where HUD symbology masks safety-critical targets in the forward driving scene, and cognitive capture, or degradation of responses to external targets due to the processing of information from a HUD image. In general, the review supports and extends earlier findings that HUD information cannot be processed separately from external roadway information. Countermeasures reviewed in this paper include the use of conformal symbology, and auditory HUDS. The review identifies a number of implementation issues for automotive HUDS: (1) reliable measures of the effect of HUD use on responses to priority external targets must be obtained, under realistic operating conditions; (2) practical considerations of cost, size, and adaptability to a range of driver eye heights figure prominently if the use of HUDs in the private vehicle fleet in the US is to become routine; and (3) driver age and associated visual/cognitive performance differences which are commonly linked to safe vehicle operation must be taken into account during product design, development, and testing.

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References

2013Advanced Basic Meta-analysis 1985Basic Meta-Analysis: Procedures and Programs 1992Human factors and safety in the design of intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS)1993Head-Up Auditory Displays for Traffic Collision Avoidance System Advisories: A Preliminary Investigation

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2008Human–machine collaboration through vehicle head up display interface 2007Holistic Sensing and Active Displays for Intelligent Driver Support Systems 2003Effects of using head-up display in automobile context on attention demand and driving performance 2002DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY OF IN-VEHICLE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2007Eye Gaze Studies Comparing Head-Up and Head-Down Displays in Vehicles 2018Augmented Reality Interface Design Approaches for Goal-directed and Stimulus-driven Driving Tasks 2014A user study of auditory, head-up and multi-modal displays in vehicles 2018Functional requirements of automotive head-up displays: A systematic review of literature from 1994 to present

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