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As Lev Vygotsky defined the Zone of Proximal Development, he did not imagine children interacting only with adults who had teaching expertise, such as teachers; instead, he meant «adult guidance» in a broad sense.This article examines the interactions between students and adults with a wide range of backgrounds in various contexts of dialogic learning.A literature review, plus six case studies conducted in different European countries as part of the INCLUD-ED project, show that students learn more if they engage in activities with various adults in their community.This finding has clear pedagogical implications: nonexpert adults provide new ways of teaching the same material, which transforms the traditional teaching, enriching the learning process and improving students' results.
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Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.
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