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ABSTRACT This note develops an alternative definition of the “delta scale” of item difficulty that is used at ETS. A comparison is given with the traditional definition of the delta scale that is based on the normal distribution. Some advantages of the alternative scale are mentioned.
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Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 67 citations exist upstream.
Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.
Imported from OpenAlex (CC0) — nothing here is generated.