Productive Helping in Cooperative Groups

Abstract

The past 20 years have seen a tremendous increase in the use of peer-directed collaborative group work both in classroom instruction and in assessments to give students an opportunity to learn from each other.Using examples drawn from a program of peer learning in middle school mathematics, this paper identifies a set of helping behaviors that best predict learning in collaborative small groups.Specifically, this paper describes conditions that must be satisfied for helping behavior to be effective and the responsibilities of students seeking help, students giving help, and teachers to make helping productive for learning.The past 20 years have seen a tremendous increase in the use of peer-directed small-group work.Not only is group work used widely in classrooms to improve student learning; large-scale assessment programs and small-scale, in-class assessments increasingly use collaborative small-group work in which students work together to solve problems or complete projects (e.g., the California

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