An External Focus of Attention Results in Greater Swimming Speed

Andréa Michele Freudenheim · Gabriele Wulf · Fabrício Madureira · Silmara Cristina Pasetto · Umberto César Corrêa

98 citations0/0 files storedInternational Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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Sport Psychology and Performance Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics Sports and Physical Education Research

Abstract

We examined effects of attentional focus on swimming speed. Participants' task was to swim one length of a pool (16 m) using the front crawl stroke. In Experiment 1, intermediate swimmers were given attentional focus instructions related to the crawl arm stroke or the leg kick, respectively. Participants were instructed to focus on “pulling your hands back” or “pushing the instep down” (internal focus), or on “pushing the water back/down” (external focus), respectively. Swim times were significantly shorter with an external focus. In Experiment 2, a control condition was included. Times were significantly faster in the external focus compared with both the internal focus and control conditions. These findings have implications for enhancing performance in swimming.

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2001The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus 1998Instructions for Motor Learning: Differential Effects of Internal Versus External Focus of Attention 2003Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances learning 2005Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention 2007Attention and Motor Skill Learning 2002Enhancing the Learning of Sport Skills Through External-Focus Feedback 2007An External Focus of Attention Enhances Golf Shot Accuracy in Beginners and Experts 2009Effects of Attentional Focus on Skilled Performance in Golf

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