Assessing Disagreement Expressed to Management: Development of the Upward Dissent Scale

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to create a quantitative measure that would be capable of capturing variation in upward dissent expression. Two hundred twenty-five working adults completed a survey questionnaire that included an initial set of items. Exploratory factor analyses produced a reliable and multidimensional 20-item scale that measured upward dissent along four dimensions: prosocial, threatening resignation, circumvention, and repetition. Early evidence of measurement validity was generated as well, with dimensions relating as expected to upward influence, unfair treatment, and supervisor responsiveness.

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