Grammatical Outcomes of 3- and 6-Year-Old Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

Keegan M. Koehlinger · Amanda Owen Van Horne · Mary Pat Moeller

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Hearing Impairment and Communication Language Development and Disorders Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation

Abstract

PURPOSE: Spoken language skills of 3- and 6-year-old children who are hard of hearing (HH) were compared with those of children with normal hearing (NH). METHOD: Language skills were measured via mean length of utterance in words (MLUw) and percent correct use of finite verb morphology in obligatory contexts based on spontaneous conversational samples gathered from 185 children (145 HH, 40 NH). Aided speech intelligibility index (SII), better-ear pure-tone average (BE-PTA), maternal education, and age of amplification were used to predict outcomes within the HH group. RESULTS: On average, the HH group had MLUws that were 0.25-0.5 words shorter than the NH group at both ages, and they produced fewer obligatory verb morphemes. After age, aided SII and age of amplification predicted MLUw. Aided SII and BE-PTA were not interchangeable in this analysis. Age followed by either BE-PTA or aided SII best predicted verb morphology use. CONCLUSIONS: Children who are HH lag behind their peers with NH in grammatical aspects of language. Although some children appear to catch up, more than half of the children who are HH fell below the 25th percentile. Continued monitoring of language outcomes is warranted considering that children who are HH are at increased risk for language learning difficulties.

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1973A First Language 1998Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children 1974A First Language: The Early Stages 1996Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children 1998Language of Early- and Later-identified Children With Hearing Loss 1987The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition 2010Sources of variability in children’s language growth 2002Language input and child syntax

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2020Adverse Childhood Communication Experiences Associated With an Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases in Adults Who Are Deaf 2020Language and Reading Outcomes in Fourth-Grade Children With Mild Hearing Loss Compared to Age-Matched Hearing Peers 2015The Role of Sentence Position, Allomorph, and Morpheme Type on Accurate Use of s-Related Morphemes by Children Who Are Hard of Hearing 2019Talk with me! Parental linguistic input to toddlers with moderate hearing loss 2018Are You There for Me? Joint Engagement and Emotional Availability in Parent–Child Interactions for Toddlers With Moderate Hearing Loss

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