Have Times Changed? Career Barriers and the Token Woman Manager

Abstract

This paper explores the relevance of Kanter's early work on the numerical distribution of women in organizations for an understanding of the position of highly qualified women managers today. Despite the progress that women managers have made over the last twenty years, various consistencies stubbornly remain, particularly concerning the impact of the gender mix of the organization on women's progress and experience of career barriers. The results of this research on the nature of these barriers and how they vary with the numerical distribution of women are presented and discussed.

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