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Explaining Police Bias

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References

1954Nature of Prejudice15,933 cited
2000An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict12,493 cited
1973Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability9,980 cited
1995Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.6,677 cited
1950Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals4,535 cited
1979In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis.3,398 cited
1983Age and the Explanation of Crime2,061 cited
1986The aversive form of racism.1,381 cited
1983A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects.1,173 cited
2003Cops, Teachers, Counselors1,161 cited
2002The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice1,151 cited
1975Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society998 cited
1972The Functions of the Police in Modern Society.987 cited
1972The Social Animal927 cited
1976Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments798 cited
1996Malign Neglect: Race, Crime and Punishment in America.

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757 cited

Cited by

2016Deaths Due to Use of Lethal Force by Law Enforcement179 cited
2018Stop, Frisk, and Assault? Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force During Investigatory Stops137 cited
2019Police Warriors and Police Guardians: Race, Masculinity, and the Construction of Gun Violence113 cited
2015Assessing the racial aspects of police force using the implicit- and counter-bias perspectives108 cited
2018Disparity does not mean bias: making sense of observed racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings with multiple benchmarks94 cited
2019The force of fear: Police stereotype threat, self-legitimacy, and support for excessive force.89 cited
2018TRENDS: Police Militarization and the Use of Lethal Force88 cited
2018Race, Place, and Police-Caused Homicide in U.S. Municipalities87 cited
2021Interpersonal Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Black Women: Does Racial Discrimination Matter?81 cited
2014Out of Place79 cited
2017Theorizing Racial Discord over Policing Before and After Ferguson78 cited
2008The Influence of “Working Rules” on Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making76 cited
2010The Impact of Drivers’ Race, Gender, and Age During Traffic Stops73 cited
2017Demeanor, Race, and Police Perceptions of Procedural Justice: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments72 cited
2016Do Precinct Characteristics Influence Stop-and-Frisk in New York City? A Multi-Level Analysis of Post-Stop Outcomes69 cited
2018Exploring Police Use of Force Decision-Making Processes and Impairments Using a Naturalistic Decision-Making Approach69 cited