Approach-Avoidance and Affiliation as Functions of the Emotion-Eliciting Quality of an Environment

James A. Russell · Albert Mehrabian

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Abstract

It was hypothesized that approach toward an environment and the desire to affiliate there are influenced by the emotion-eliciting quality of that environment. In two studies, undergraduates (N = 200, 310) rated these two behaviors in response to settings shown via color photographic slides. As predicted, approach toward the setting was determined by (a) a main effect of its pleasantness, (b) an interaction effect such that approach varied directly with arousing quality of the setting in pleasant settings, but inversely with arousing quality in unpleasant settings (with a significant reversal, however, from moderate to high arousal in unpleasant settings), and (c) a weak inverted-U relationship with arousing quality in neutrally pleasant-unpleasant settings such that approach was greatest in moderately arousing settings.

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References

1957The Measurement of Meaning 1974An approach to environmental psychology 1960Conflict, arousal, and curiosity.1959Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.1963Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.1963The Psychology of affiliation 1963Functions of Varied Experience 1967Measurement of Activation through Self-Report

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