Planning and Administration

Daniel J. Safer

161 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Learning Disabilities

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Educational Outcomes and Influences Early Childhood Education and Development Behavioral and Psychological Studies

Abstract

A comprehensive survey of 200 student folders revealed that elementary school (ES) nonpromotion is primarily associated with low academic achievement and low IQ, whereas a junior high school (JHS) nonpromotion is mainly correlated to behavioral suspensions and excessive absenteeism. Having an ES nonpromotion increases the risk of a later grade retention five fold. During the year following an ES nonpromotion, the behavioral and academic outcome is significantly improved and is generally satisfactory. This is clearly not the case after a JHS grade retention.

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