Analysis of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Using Hierarchical Logistic Regression Models

David B. Swanson · Brian E. Clauser · Susan M. Case · Ronald J. Nungester · Carol Morrison Featherman

64 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics

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Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Educational Assessment and Pedagogy Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference

Abstract

Over the past 25 years a range of parametric and nonparametric methods have been developed for analyzing Differential Item Functioning (DIF). These procedures are typically performed for each item individually or for small numbers of related items. Because the analytic procedures focus on individual items, it has been difficult to pool information across items to identify potential sources of DIF analytically. In this article, we outline an approach to DIF analysis using hierarchical logistic regression that makes it possible to combine results of logistic regression analyses across items to identify consistent sources of DIF, to quantify the proportion of explained variation in DIF coefficients, and to compare the predictive accuracy of alternate explanations for DIF. The approach can also be used to improve the accuracy of DIF estimates for individual items by applying empirical Bayes techniques, with DIF-related item characteristics serving as collateral information. To illustrate the hierarchical logistic regression procedure, we use a large data set derived from recent computer-based administrations of Step 2, the clinical science component of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE ® ). Results of a small Monte Carlo study of the accuracy of the DIF estimates are also reported.

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1994Differential Item Functioning.1990Detecting Differential Item Functioning Using Logistic Regression Procedures 1993A Model-Based Standardization Approach that Separates True Bias/DIF from Group Ability Differences and Detects Test Bias/DTF as well as Item Bias/DIF 1998Using Statistical Procedures to Identify Differentially Functioning Test Items 1999An Empirical Bayes Approach to Mantel‐Haenszel DIF Analysis 1996Item‐Bundle DIF Hypothesis Testing: Identifying Suspect Bundles and Assessing Their Differential Functioning 1993Item and test characteristics that are associated with differential item functioning.1995Precision and Differential Item Functioning on a Testlet-Based Test: The 1991 Law School Admissions Test as an Example

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2012Modeling Differential Item Functioning Using a Generalization of the Multiple-Group Bifactor Model 2010Hierarchical Logistic Regression: Accounting for Multilevel Data in DIF Detection 2007An Approach for Categorizing DIF in Polytomous Items 2009An Integrated Bayesian Model for DIF Analysis 2006

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