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This article examines the involvement of two teacher organizations in state or provincial educational reform in the 1990s through the perspectives of constructivism and organizational evolution. The two unions adopted a complex mix of reactive and proactive, incremental and discontinuous orientations to change. The unions applied experience-based reactive responses, but they also engaged in evidence of proactive continuous improvement of past practice. Although incremental change was predominant, some evidence of discontinuous change emerged: Although one union took charge of the charter school movement, the other created an identity as a creator, manager, and broker of knowledge. A reactive stance resulted when the union or its members felt directly attacked; however, threats to public education as an institution led to discontinuous change initiatives.
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