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Levels of Nonlethal Force

16 references·16 citing·33 second hopsampled

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References

1972The Functions of the Police in Modern Society.987 cited
1997NEGOTIATING ORDER IN PATROL WORK: AN ECOLOGICAL THEORY OF POLICE RESPONSE TO DEVIANCE*649 cited
2003Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force642 cited
1993Above the law: police and the excessive use of force608 cited
1982The Manners and Customs of the Police586 cited
1986The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior538 cited
2002Situational and officer-based determinants of police coercion510 cited
1993Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force, by Jerome H. Skolnick and James J. Fyfe417 cited
2004Understanding Police Use of Force287 cited
2002Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police273 cited
2012Local Police Departments, 2003271 cited
1979A Study of the Behavior of Law254 cited
1996DEMEANOR, CRIME, AND POLICE BEHAVIOR: A REEXAMINATION OF THE POLICE SERVICES STUDY DATA*187 cited
2004Understanding police use of force officers, suspects, and reciprocity186 cited
1999“Did you call the police? What did they do?” An empirical assessment of black's theory of mobilization of law137 cited

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1997DIFFERENTIAL POLICE TREATMENT OF MALE‐ON‐FEMALE SPOUSAL VIOLENCE*101 cited

Cited by

2015Assessing the racial aspects of police force using the implicit- and counter-bias perspectives108 cited
2011Suspect Mental Disorder and Police Use of Force102 cited
2017The prevalence of fatal police shootings by U.S. police, 2015–2016: Patterns and answers from a new data set93 cited
2017Traditional Police Culture, Use of Force, and Procedural Justice: Investigating Individual, Organizational, and Contextual Factors92 cited
2010UNDERSTANDING POLICE USE OF FORCE: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE82 cited
2011Focal Concerns and Police Use of Force79 cited
2017After the Stop: Exploring the Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Police Use of Force During Terry Stops77 cited
2014The Effect of Organizational and Environmental Factors on Police Misconduct75 cited
2017Thinking fast, not slow: How cognitive biases may contribute to racial disparities in the use of force in police-citizen encounters74 cited
2018Racial Threat, Social (Dis)organization, and the Ecology of Police: Towards a Macro-level Understanding of Police Use-of-force in Communities of Color73 cited
2010Crisis intervention team officer dispatch, assessment, and disposition: Interactions with individuals with severe mental illness71 cited
2020Police Use of Force Interactions: Is Race Relevant or Gender Germane?71 cited
2010An examination of police use of force utilizing police training and neighborhood contextual factors70 cited
2014The impact of neighborhood crime levels on police use of force: An examination at micro and meso levels68 cited
2017Show Me What Happened67 cited
2018Exploring Bias in Police Shooting Decisions With Real Shoot/Don’t Shoot Cases63 cited