Altered Neuronal Response During Rapid Auditory Processing and Its Relation to Phonological Processing in Prereading Children at Familial Risk for Dyslexia

Nora Maria Raschle · Patrice L. Stering · Sarah Nadine Meissner · Nadine Gaab

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Reading and Literacy Development Language Development and Disorders Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Abstract

Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a learning disability affecting 5-17% of children. Although researchers agree that DD is characterized by deficient phonological processing (PP), its cause is debated. It has been suggested that altered rapid auditory processing (RAP) may lead to deficient PP in DD and studies have shown deficient RAP in individuals with DD. Functional neuroimaging (fMRI) studies have implicated hypoactivations in left prefrontal brain regions during RAP in individuals with DD. When and how these neuronal alterations evolve remains unknown. In this article, we investigate functional networks during RAP in 28 children with (n = 14) and without (n = 14) a familial risk for DD before reading onset (mean: 5.6 years). Results reveal functional alterations in left-hemispheric prefrontal regions during RAP in prereading children at risk for DD, similar to findings in individuals with DD. Furthermore, activation during RAP in left prefrontal regions positively correlates with prereading measures of PP and with neuronal activation during PP in posterior dorsal and ventral brain areas. Our results suggest that neuronal differences during RAP predate reading instruction and thus are not due to experience-dependent brain changes resulting from DD itself and that there is a functional relationship between neuronal networks for RAP and PP within the prereading brain.

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References

1988Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades.2003A definition of dyslexia 1999The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias.2003Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults 1980Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children 2003The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus 2001Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing 1994Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression-based test of the phonological-core variable-difference model.

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2016Neural initialization of audiovisual integration in prereaders at varying risk for developmental dyslexia 2018Emergence of the neural network underlying phonological processing from the prereading to the emergent reading stage: A longitudinal study 2021Convergent and divergent brain structural and functional abnormalities associated with developmental dyslexia 2016Lessons to be learned: how a comprehensive neurobiological framework of atypical reading development can inform educational practice

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