Article2006

The Costs and Benefits of Enhanced Depression Care to Employers

Philip S. Wang · Amanda R. Patrick · Jerry Avorn · Francisca Azocar · Evette Joy Ludman · Joyce McCulloch +2 more

119 citations0/0 files storedArchives of General Psychiatry

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Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life Mental Health Treatment and Access Workplace Health and Well-being

Abstract

CONTEXT: Although outreach and enhanced treatment interventions improve depression outcomes, uptake has been poor in part because purchasers lack information on their return on investment. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the costs and benefits of enhanced depression care for workers from the societal and employer-purchaser perspectives. DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses using state-transition Markov models. Simulated movements between health states were based on probabilities drawn from the clinical literature. PARTICIPANTS: Hypothetical cohort of 40-year-old workers. Intervention Enhanced depression care consisting of a depression screen and care management for those depressed vs usual care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Our base-case cost-effectiveness analysis was from the societal perspective; costs and quality-adjusted life-years were used to compute the incremental cost-effectiveness of the intervention relative to usual care. A secondary cost-benefit analysis from the employer's perspective tracked monetary costs and monetary benefits accruing to employers during a 5-year time horizon. RESULTS: From the societal perspective, screening and depression care management for workers result in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $19 976 per quality-adjusted life-year relative to usual care. These results are consistent with recent primary care effectiveness trials and within the range for medical interventions usually covered by employer-sponsored insurance. From the employer's perspective, enhanced depression care yields a net cumulative benefit of $2895 after 5 years. In 1-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses, these findings were robust to a variety of assumptions. CONCLUSION: If these results can be replicated in effectiveness trials directly assessing effects on work outcomes, they suggest that enhanced treatment quality programs for depression are cost-beneficial to purchasers.

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References

2003The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder 1996Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine 1989The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study 2005Twelve-Month Use of Mental Health Services in the United States 1996Recommendations of the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine 1993Markov Models in Medical Decision Making 2002Collaborative Care Management of Late-Life Depression in the Primary Care Setting 1986Measurement of health state utilities for economic appraisal

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2011Investing in mental health and well-being: findings from the DataPrev project 2012Economics of Collaborative Care for Management of Depressive Disorders 2008Health-related quality of life among adults with serious psychological distress and chronic medical conditions 2009When is Pharmacogenetic Testing for Antidepressant Response Ready for the Clinic? A Cost-effectiveness Analysis Based on Data from the STAR*D Study 2011Cost of depression among adults in Japan in 2005

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