Correlation, causation, motivation, and second language acquisition.

R. C. Gardner

276 citations0/0 files storedCanadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne

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EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Educational Research and Methods

Abstract

Prix de la SCP pour contribution remarquable a 1'education et la formation en psychologic (1999) It is well known to anyone who has taken even an introductory course in statistics that "correlation does not mean causation. " This is a truism! The present article examines four truisms about correlation, demonstrating that they are not always true. For example, under certain conditions, correlation can imply causation, though these conditions are seldom satisfied in most applications. Nonetheless, there are many of us who are interested in investigating individual differences, and in making inferences of the type that this individual difference variable is related to, mediates, moderates, or even causes or influences that individual difference variable. Generally speaking, the

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1991Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know 1985Social psychology and second language learning : the role of attitudes and motivation 1959Motivational variables in second-language acquisition.1994Motivation, Self‐confidence, and Group Cohesion in the Foreign Language Classroom 1990Conceptualizing Motivation in Foreign‐Language Learning*1997Biases in Self‐Ratings of Second Language Proficiency: The Role of Language Anxiety 1997Towards a Full Model of Second Language Learning: An Empirical Investigation 1993On the Measurement of Affective Variables in Second Language Learning

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2006Culturelearning approach to acculturation 2010The Relationship Among Motivation, Interaction, and the Development of Second Language Oral Proficiency in a Study‐Abroad Context 2012Self-efficacy in Second/Foreign Language Learning Contexts 2006Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition 2012What We Know About Second Language Acquisition

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