Are Specific Language Impairment and Dyslexia Distinct Disorders?

Hugh William Catts · Suzanne M. Adlof · Tiffany P. Hogan · Susan Ellis Weismer

685 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Speech Language and Hearing Research

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Reading and Literacy Development Language Development and Disorders Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Abstract

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific language impairment (SLI) and dyslexia are distinct developmental disorders. METHOD: Study 1 investigated the overlap between SLI identified in kindergarten and dyslexia identified in 2nd, 4th, or 8th grades in a representative sample of 527 children. Study 2 examined phonological processing in a subsample of participants, including 21 children with dyslexia only, 43 children with SLI only, 18 children with SLI and dyslexia, and 165 children with typical language/reading development. Measures of phonological awareness and nonword repetition were considered. RESULTS: Study 1 showed limited but statistically significant overlap between SLI and dyslexia. Study 2 found that children with dyslexia or a combination of dyslexia and SLI performed significantly less well on measures of phonological processing than did children with SLI only and those with typical development. Children with SLI only showed only mild deficits in phonological processing compared with typical children. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the view that SLI and dyslexia are distinct but potentially comorbid developmental language disorders. A deficit in phonological processing is closely associated with dyslexia but not with SLI when it occurs in the absence of dyslexia.

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References

1986Matthew Effects in Reading: Some Consequences of Individual Differences in the Acquisition of Literacy 1983Categorizing sounds and learning to read—a causal connection 2014Children with Specific Language Impairment 1997Prevalence of Specific Language Impairment in Kindergarten Children 2003A definition of dyslexia 1990Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: Is there a causal connection?2004Developmental Dyslexia and Specific Language Impairment: Same or Different?1994Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression-based test of the phonological-core variable-difference model.

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2008Relations Among Speech, Language, and Reading Disorders 2020Defining and understanding dyslexia: past, present and future 2006Should the Simple View of Reading Include a Fluency Component?2013Phonological deficits in specific language impairment and developmental dyslexia: towards a multidimensional model 2009Simple but complex: components of the simple view of reading across grade levels

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