CONCLUSION: COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND L2 INSTRUCTION—ISSUES FOR RESEARCH

Nick C. Ellis

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Second Language Acquisition and Learning EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning Categorization, perception, and language

Abstract

Cognitive Linguistics and usage-based models explain how we learn language using environmentally adaptive, domain-general, cognitive abilities (such as attention scheduling and working memory). We learn language while processing input and doing things with words and gesture in socially conventionalized ways (narratives, conversations) to communicate intentions and ideas to others (see Bybee, 2006; Goldberg, 2006; Gullberg, 2006; Hudson, 2007; Langacker, 1999; MacWhinney, 1999; O’Grady, 2005; Talmy, 2000; Tomasello, 2003 and their chapters in this volume). Functionalist and concept-oriented approaches to First and Second Language Acquisition (SLA) share complementary interests in these issues (e.g., Andersen, 1984; Bardovi-Harlig, 2000; Bates, 1976; Bates & MacWhinney, 1982; Becker & Carroll, 1997; Berman, 1987; Berman & Slobin, 1994; Bloom, 1970; Cromer, 1974; Dietrich, Klein & Noyau, 1995; Givón, 1985, 1995; Greenfield & Smith, 1976; Hickman, 2003; Karmiloff-Smith, 1979; Klein, 1986; Li & Shirai, 2000; Mandler, 2004a; Nelson, 1996; Perdue, 1993a, 1993b; Sato, 1990; Schlesinger, 1982; Schumann, 1978; Slobin, 1973, 1985; Snow & Ferguson, 1977; Stromqvist & Verhoeven, 2004; Tomlin, 1990; von Stutterheim & Klein, 1987). Cognitive Linguistics describes how cognitive routines (focusing attention, event construal) and conceptual structure interface with language in the mind, and how the processes that give rise to learning are embodied in adaptive responses to communicative contexts and task demands (Coventry & Guijarro Fuentes, this volume; Lakoff & Johnson, 1998; MacWhinney, 1999; Tomasello, 1999, 2003; Tomasello, Kruger & Ratner, 1993) which mediate, and so variably direct and support them (Ceci, 1996; Dai & Sternberg, 2004; Engestrom & Middleton, 1996; Lave & Wenger, 1991; Snow, 1994; Sternberg & Wagner, 1994; Suchman, 1987).

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1964ASPECTS OF THE THEORY OF SYNTAX 1975Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience.2015Democracy and Education 2000The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition 1960The Process of Education 1994On The Language Instinct 1983Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition 1990The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning1

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