SHADOW EDUCATION: EVOLUTION, FLAWS AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERM

Muhammad Abid Malik

19 citations0/0 files storedRePEc: Research Papers in Economics

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Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities Education and Vocational Training Diverse Education Studies and Reforms

Abstract

Shadow education stands for those activities which are designed to improve students’ academic learning in examinable subjects taught in a formal school. This paper looks at the historical development of the term, and how it has been defined differently by different researchers. The paper challenges different definitions and conceptualizations about shadow education and try to stimulate further inquiry about it. It points out some flaws in those definitions and why they need to be modified with the changing time and expanding boundaries of the field. Furthermore, it looks at different terms which are frequently used interchangeably for shadow education and their appropriateness. Using different elements of those definitions, the paper comes up with a definition and subcategories of shadow education which may reduce some of the confusions arising from existing definitions and parameters.

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References

2003Demand for private supplementary tutoring: conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong 2009Confronting the Shadow Education System: What government policies for what private tutoring?2010The origin of universal shadow education: what the supplemental education phenomenon tells us about the postmodern institution of education 2011Does cram schooling matter? Who goes to cram schools? Evidence from Taiwan 2016The internal dynamics of privatised public education: Fee-charging supplementary tutoring provided by teachers in Cambodia 2015Evolving ecosystems in education: The nature and implications of private supplementary tutoring in Hong Kong 2011The Determinants of National College Entrance Exam Performance in China - With an Analysis of Private Tutoring

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2020Worldwide Shadow Education Epidemic and Its Move toward Shadow Curriculum

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