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The phenomenon of leadership has been the focus of systematic social science research since the early 1930s. However, it wasn't until approximately the mid-1980s that social scientists began to widely recognize the distinctive-ness and significance of that portion of the leadership domain known today as strategic leadership, defined by Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson (2001: 489) as “the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, and empower others to create strategic change as necessary.” It's not that the “new” phenomenon of strategic leadership emerged in the mid-1980s. Rather, the unique domain of strategic leadership started to clarify during this time period. Specific ways in which general managers must be leaders, not simply administrators, were increasingly recognized and debated.
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