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Organization of innovation by public planning is a threefold paradox: to plan without information, rules, and aims, to organize innovation in a non-innovative milieu, and by an actor who is specifically ungifted to fulfill this task. On the basis of empirical research on the planning processes of EXPO 2000 in Hannover and of IBA Emscher Park in the Ruhrgebiet and by drawing on the concepts of charisma and innovative milieus practical answers to these problems are formulated. In the last part of the paper risks, shortcomings, and unintended consequences of such strategies of organizing innovation are discussed.
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