Orthographic learning is verbal learning

Abstract

Looking depends on what we know about the things we look at.The novice botanist may look at a broken twig, while the zoologist sees an insect "walking stick".Similarly, looking at letters in a foreign alphabet is looking at squiggles, whereas looking at familiar letters is looking at sounds, because that is what the letters stand for.Learning to decode written words is learning to see through the written letters and activate the sounds and words that they represent.In this chapter we explore what this way of looking can tell one about reading words and learning to read words.We simply consider learning to read as a kind of verbal learning, i.e. learning new phonological material, and we explore how this new material is used to access existing words in the reader's mental lexicon.This section presents a brief overview of the chapter.For beginning readers, deciphering written words is a slow and effortful process as they lack the orthographic knowledge to identify words immediately from their written form (as "sight words").As a result, beginning readers depend on phonological re-coding (Figure 1).That is, beginning readers have to associate the individual letters with their standard sounds in a serial manner and somehow attempt to connect the resulting string of sounds to an

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